The current business environment

The current business condition is portrayed by an extensive degree of serious contention and therefore organizations need to continually reengineer their interior procedures so as to build up a reasonable serious advantage.This is the circumstance in the aircraft business and subsequently Air Asia needs to build up a supportable upper hand. It is accepted that the establishment of the online business application will encourage the execution of the most significant methodology: boosting access to information.This is one of the most significant qualities for the organization not just on the grounds that the organization will be in a situation to gather more data about its clients, yet in addition in light of the fact that the clients will have the option to get more data too. Accordingly, this will fill in as a promoting instrument for the organization. In this regard, the organization won't face any issue in light of the fact that the system is being executed through a joint endeavor with Microsoft.The aircraft industry is described by an elevated level of serious power and hence Air Asia needs to continually reengineer its inside tasks so as to fabricate and keep up a serious edge. In this regard, the vital focal point of the organization is cost minimization.uAccording to Michael Porter’s system for methodology detailing, a business association has three techniques available to its so as to construct and keep up an upper hand. These are separation, cost minimization and center (refered to in Fred, 2006). In spite of the fact that Air Asia may be supposed to execute each of the three procedures, its emphasis is on limiting costs.The organization is actualizing the methodology of center by focusing on underserved markets while it is executing the system of separation by adding esteem added administrations to its repertoire.However the thinking behind deciding to receive these methodologies has been to find open doors for guaranteeing consumer loyalty thro ugh concentrating on zones of the market which have not been focused by contenders. Therefore, Air Asia figures out how to charge lower costs than a considerable lot of its rivals while keeping up tantamount norms of quality.Mobile trade is an expansion of online business as indicated by which PC frameworks can be gotten to through the web on cell phones, for example, PDA, cell phone or a mobile phone (refered to in Hitt, 2007). Mobil trade has more noteworthy adaptability than online business since it has satellite connectivity.As an outcome, gadgets which don't have web availability however which have satellite network can lead exchanges by means of m-trade. In this regard, it must be referenced that m-business can lead video and sound conferencing. Accordingly the use of m-trade prompts more noteworthy degree for business-to-business and business-to purchaser exchanges.This has become the critical plan of action in the current business condition which is described by an elevated level of serious contention. This implies organizations must concentrate on the procedure of cost minimization. This is encouraged through both internet business and m-trade applications as they encourage the advancement of B2B and B2C structures. Anyway m-trade is progressively helpful in view of its more prominent accessibility.Air Asia’s use of Windows Vista can be stretched out to m-business on the grounds that Microsoft has just evolved working frameworks for versatile phones.Therefore Microsoft will be in a situation to make interoperability between online business and m-business through the Air Asia contraption. In spite of the fact that m-business is remotely associated, it has the adaptability of being associated through internet business also. This implies any arrangements created for online business can be open through m-commerce.This will profit the purchasers since they won't need to be associated with the web once the Windows Vista application is made good in th e m-trade stage. In this regard, the expenses of transmitting web based business applications are higher than m-trade applications. Web based business requires availability by means of a PC. With m-trade a similar measure of data can be prepared through a wireless.

Police Report Assignment Free Essays

Police Report Assignment Debbie Smith CJA/304 11/5/2012 Ryan McNeal/Axia College Police Report Assignment This man, Ernesto Arturo Miranda had an enormous part in molding the American Miranda Rights Policy. Conceived March 9, 1941 in Columbus, Az. The name Ernest Miranda is notable in the territory of Arizona since he battled and got his case toppled in light of the fact that there were botches by the police when they captured him. We will compose a custom exposition test on Police Report Assignment or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now This entire story started the evening of March 3, 1963 when Patricia McGee (not her genuine name) was working late because of a show that ran over, and she needed to shut down the auditorium without anyone else. In the wake of doing that she needed to ride the transport home and stroll from the bus station in obscurity isolated. As she strolled home, a vehicle pulling out of a garage almost ran her over, at that point went down the road a similar way Patty was strolling. She saw that the vehicle halted about a square from where she was and the man driving the vehicle kicked out and off strolling toward her. The time was around 11 p. m. also, there was no one else around. She didn't give a lot of consideration to the man as he moved toward her, as she was going to stroll past the man, he connected and got her. He secured her mouth with his free hand and revealed to her that in the event that she didn’t shout , he wouldn’t hurt her. She asked the man to release her, however he hauled her to his vehicle where he bound her hands behind her back and drove her into the secondary lounge, where he then integrated her feet after he caused her to jump on the floor. She kept on begging the man to release her, however he just said he would not hurt her. He drove for around 20 minutes into the high desert and once he got to the spot he had picked, he assaulted Patty. After the attack, he approached Patty for cash and she gave him the cash she had in her satchel (a few reports state 4 dollars and some state 8). After she gave him the cash, he requested her to get again into the vehicle and he tossed a coat over her head and drove back to Phoenix. About a half-mile from her home, he dropped her off and hurried away into the night. Police talked with Patty soon after the episode occurred, when she was brought, crazy, to a neighborhood medical clinic by her troubled family. Specialists told police that she had hints of semen inside her, however they questioned her case that she was a virgin before the ambush. In view of the announcement Patty gave them, the police started scanning for a man in his late 20’s With a mustache, who weighed around 175 pounds and was around six feet tall. This is the initial segment of the story and it prompts different contrasts in data and charges documented against the man who conceded that he assaulted Patty at that point got the choice toppled, just to be revived with the wrongdoing. There are numerous types of correspondences utilized in these cases. Some of them were calls, letters, official correspondences, and composed reports. These interchanges were all compelling in taking care of business to get the body of evidence against Ernesto Miranda upset. Because of a letter kept in touch with his custom-based law spouse, Ernesto got himself retried on the assault charge. He lost the subsequent case and was condemned to carry out his unique punishment of 20 to 30 years. The letters that were composed were to lawyers and the Supreme Court about speaking to this case to get the charges upset and to carry it to the consideration of the Supreme Court. That exertion was effective in light of the fact that it stood out enough to be noticed and the case was in the long run toppled. Not very long after that occurred, Ernesto kept in touch with his customary law spouse and advised her to hand-off the message to Patty that on the off chance that she would drop the charges against him, he would wed her (Patty). The spouse took this data to the police who by and by attempted him for assault and this time he lost his case. He was the cause all his own problems. Different types of correspondence were phone which functioned admirably to all the more rapidly impart needs and needs for this case and forthcoming preliminary and reports. These specialized apparatuses were the main ones accessible during that time. Calls filled in as long as the gathering was in their office or at home when they were called, in any case the one calling would need to leave a message and anticipate an arrival call. Messages at that point were generally manually written. Time was not something to be squandered. It took a great deal of difficult work and numerous hours went through late into the night to win the Supreme Court case and get Miranda’s charges diminished to burglary and capturing. Despite the fact that he was a criminal of sorts, at a youthful age, the man didn't have the right to be cut to death or have his throat cut (whichever report is valid) over some change sitting on the bar. I surmise the way of life he picked was the one that inevitably ended his life however and that is dismal. He ought to have had the option to get help for his difficulties and possibly he would have changed his lifestyle (http://www. trutv. com/library/wrongdoing/notorious_murders/not_guilty/miranda/9. html). 13 March 27 March 12 June 12 June 15 Nov 23 Jan 28 Feb 1 Mar 12 June 1963, Under 1963, Denied. 1963, 1965, 1965, 1966, 1966, 1966, 1966, Arrest. Sentenced Miranda Yes To Violation Supreme second Go Outcome Once More Goes Under The of Rights Court Round Appeals Case 13 March 27 March 12 June 12 June 15 Nov 23 Jan 28 Feb 1 Mar 12 June 1963, Under 1963, Denied. 963, 1965, 1965, 1966, 1966, 1966, 1966, Arrest. Indicted Miranda Yes To Violation Supreme second Go Outcome Once More Goes Under The of Rights Court Round Appeals Case I have appended a course of events to show the succession of events(http://www. timetoast. com/timetables/99160). As should be obvious from the timetable, this case occurred through the span of 3 years. When Miranda at long last got endorsed for Parole, he returned to the main lifestyle he knew and was in a jump bar playing poker, and a battle broke out over a bunch of progress on the bar and Miranda who was filling in as a conveyance driver at that point, wound up being killed (either by being cut to death or having his throat cut, there are various records of how this occurred) (http://www. trutv. com/library/wrongdoing/notorious_murders/not_guilty/miranda/9. html). The course of events shows how moderate correspondences were at the hour of Step by step instructions to refer to Police Report Assignment, Essay models

What extent does neo-realism provide a satisfactory account of world Essay

What degree does neo-authenticity give a good record of world legislative issues - Essay Example Research shows that authenticity hypothesis had the conviction that the political request and the way wherein nations behave concerning global ground are anticipated by the idea of people (Dickinson 2006, p.63). Its chief speculation begins from a human viewpoint; for example, desire and yearnings are the fundamental main impetuses of universal or world governmental issues (Craig 2009, p. 45). Despite what might be expected, neorealism announced that the current worldwide framework is a progressive setting with no prevailing force coordinating and changing connections among nations. It's anything but a social nature but instead a widespread nature of the whole world that clarifies world governmental issues. To a little degree, neo-authenticity gives good record to world legislative issues. Each country is in an inquiry of individual advantage and its exercises on an overall ground depend on its own government aides. In this manner, so as to achieve its individual advantages countries can set up alliances, albeit even inside such alliances each country is just keen on accomplishing its own objectives. Insurgency of the worldwide framework is an order in itself. Likewise, every country keeps on being in rivalry with different countries due to worry with its security and advancement (Craig 2009, p.50). Incomparability is predominant in understanding the issues among countries. In this way, look for power makes nations to build up their asset, support up economies, just as create ability and society too. As per neorealism hypothesis, the harder the country, the less helpless it is on the worldwide ground. Military and financial significance are the principle measures for security and development, and along these lines achievement of these measures is performed through all ways imaginable. As per examines, strife in neorealism is unavoidable. In any case, in an atomic period, clashes among the atomic countries are not liable to happen absolutely, on the grounds that such countries with atomic weapons comprehend the impacts of such clash. Hence, they utilize atomic assets as a method of debilitation and parity of incomparability. Indeed, neo-authenticity is an arrangement of equalization, and the disorder of worldwide setting, just as a request rather than tumult (Van 2009, p. 80). This is on the grounds that relentlessness of matchless quality is the best way to reservation concordance. Consequently, with such measures set up, neo-authenticity gives an acceptable to the world legislative issues. Neo-authenticity gives acceptable record to world governmental issues since it offers an efficient clarification concerning the worldwide political structure. It is a preliminary to clarify worldwide relations in specialized terms through the notice of imbalanced limits of countries. It likewise clarifies the progressive structure of the country framework, just as the accentuation on extraordinary incomparabilities whose issues manage the most indispen sable consequences of world governmental issues (Krasner 2005, p.78). Neo-authenticity gives palatable record to world governmental issues since it advances harmony and security among countries. Specialists see the best universal connection hypothesis as one that stresses for the most part on the structure of the framework since structures direct the activities the nation. International strategy is driven by the structure, and the country authorities are hence detainees of the progressive framework' structure and its determinist’s thinking orders what they should complete in the conduct of abroad standard (Jacques 2007, p. 106). In this manner, neo-authenticity offers an amazing clarification of the structure of the arrangement of a country entirely different from different speculations since it accepts the structure as the key instrument of investigation. From contemplates, it clear that global rel

What Its Like To Intern At Bain Co.

What Its Like To Intern At Bain Co. by: Naomi Nishihara on August 12, 2014 | 0 Comments Comments 31,431 Views August 12, 2014Anna Reighart was a summer intern at BainAnna Reighart is an undergrad at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, but this summer, she lived in a college dorm in New York City. In fact, she and her roommates are all U Penn students who temporarily relocated for their summer internships.Reighart had an associate consultant internship at the Bain Co. New York office. She’s a rising senior and economics major at Wharton, specifically studying management and finance, and says her initial interest was sparked by her father, who owns a small family business.Even though she wasn’t sure where her career would end up in the long term, she says she felt like studying business was a way to explore a wide variety of potential careers particularly through consulting. Her experience with Bain bore this hunch out.Landing the InternshipBai n initially caught Reighart’s eye during information sessions at Wharton, where she could see that the company went out of its way to create a supportive environment for interns. She was also attracted to the training she would receive in both hard and soft skills from analyzing data to communicating with clients. And of course, she wanted to enhance her future career potential and hoped Bain would expose her to influential people and different industries that she might someday work in as a consultant.The interview process had two rounds. The first involved two 30-minute interviews, and the second had two 45-minute interviews. All of the interviews took place within the same week. Reighart said she prepared by reflecting on her past experiences.â€Å"I knew those questions were coming things like, tell me about a time when you led a team, or tell me about a time when you made a change in an organization. I purposefully prepared for that by thinking back on various leadersh ip experiences to make sure I could speak eloquently about the impact that I had.†A Typical Day At The Office: Reighart said that while each day was different in terms of what she did, they all followed a fairly similar structure.â€Å"I’d get in around 9 a.m. and usually have breakfast in the office. I’d get coffee right when I got there and then sit down to check emails and my calendar to get organized for the day. Usually by 9:15 I’d be ready to get started,† she says.This summer Reighart’s work dealt with competitor analysis researching competitors and analyzing data. She would work on this for several hours in the morning, frequently checking in with her supervisor if she had any questions.â€Å"His desk wasn’t far from mine, so I could just pop over and ask him questions or shoot him an email if anything came up,† she recalls.She’d break for lunch between noon and 1 p.m. and said that this was a highlight, since in terns would often eat together and participate in what they called experience sharing. â€Å"We were all on different cases, working on totally different projects, so it was cool to hear what the other interns were doing,† she says. Page 1 of 212 » What Its Like To Intern At Bain Co. What Its Like To Intern At Bain Co. by: Pearly Tan on April 24, 2019 | 0 Comments Comments 1,559 Views April 24, 2019Bain consultants in the New York City home office. Courtesy photoWhen  PoetsQuants called Sajal Rohatgi to chat about his internship experience at Bain Company and asked him how he was doing, his response was simple. â€Å"I’m living the dream, he told us.Rohatgi was born in India and lived in London and Hawaii before his family settled down in Virginia when he was four years old. This year, the senior will be graduating from the University of Virginias McIntire School of Commerce before moving to San Francisco in September. In one of the most important moves of his life, Rohatgi will be joining Bain Company at their office in San Francisco as an Associate Consultant, a position he earned after standing out during his summer internship last year. Rohatgis path to Bain began with a fourth-year panel he attended when he was just a freshman at the Univer sity of Virginia — before enrolling in McIntires two-year program. Rohatgi says he found himself being the only first-year student listening to seniors talk about the different careers in finance, consulting, marketing, and more. When a senior described Bain as a place where every day was different and presented new challenges and opportunities to grow, Rohatgi says his interest was piqued. â€Å"I went and looked at Vault’s 2015 Consulting Rankings in which Bain was ranked No. 1 and I knew I wanted to experience it for myself,† he says. â€Å"I knew nothing about consulting at that time but it became an automatic target for me. I knew that Bain would provide me with the best resources and experience in the consulting industry. Thats what being number one meant to me.†Sajal Rohatgi is graduating from Virginias McIntire School of Commerce this spring and will be starting a position in Bain Companys San Francisco office. Courtesy photoA YOUNG ENTREPRENEURR ohatgi did not always know that he wanted to be in business. His mother is a beautician and entrepreneur who manages her own salon in Virginia and his father works with an IT consulting firm. In elementary school, Rohatgi says he wanted to be a fighter pilot. Or Batman. It was only a few years later he decided it wasn’t practical for him to dream of saving Gotham City and began taking note of what he loved and what his strengths were. â€Å"I loved to sell as a kid,† Rohatgi recalls. â€Å"I was also not a big, science-y person, but I loved talking to people, and because I set up tiny businesses even while I was in school, people called me a businessman.†In third grade, Rohatgi traded his animal crackers for a $20 bill with a girl in his class. He got in trouble with his parents and when they found out, he had to return the money. But that didn’t stifle his entrepreneurial spirit.As a fifth grader, he established a market for â€Å"good behavior raffles. Rohatgi says his teacher handed out raffle tickets for good behavior as encouragement. These tickets were put in a raffle box for a lottery every Friday where students could win king-sized chocolate bars, toys, and more. â€Å"All the hot stuff,† Rohatgi says, and he wanted them. When he realized that not all his classmates wanted to win the raffle like he did, he began bringing in all the candy he disliked to trade for raffle tickets and eventually progressed to doing acts of service to earn tickets from his classmates. From lending out a pencil to filling up a classmates water bottle for them, Rohatgi says things were going well. Until they werent going well when his teacher became suspicious after he won the raffle three weeks in a row.Later on in high school, Rohatgi started an iPhone case business and then began developing his managing chops, running a tutoring business where he employed 10 tutors. Those experiences led Rohatgi to search Google for the â€Å"best busin ess jobs† one day, and when banking came up, he began dreaming of becoming an investment banker in New York City, like he frequently watched in Hollywood and Bollywood movies. But Rohatgi says that in his second year at Virginia, he began feeling like the Big Apple wasn’t so much for him due to the fast-paced lifestyle. So, Rohatgi thought, maybe he should check out the more laid back pace of the West Coast.THE ROHATGI THREE-PRONGED APPROACH TO CATCHING BAIN COMPANYS EYERohatgi soon targeted Bain Companys San Francisco office as a potential place to work. According to Rohatgi, he took a three-pronged plan to get himself â€Å"Bain-ready.† Those prongs were talking to â€Å"Bainies,† doing case prep, and working on his self-growth.Networking was the first step for Rohatgi to understand what the day-to-day life of a Bain strategist was like. The experience, he says, allowed him to get an understanding of the culture and how Bain was different from the rest of the consulting firms. â€Å"During my second year, UVA’s career center had a ton of resources such as VAM — Virginia Alumni Mentoring — where they would pair me up with alumni at companies or careers I was interested in,† Rohatgi says. â€Å"I also leveraged the network my friends had who might have known Bainies. Thus, I would use a combination of these resources to understand and learn about the culture of Bain.†In August 2017, Rohatgi says he began working on at least eight cases a week with a close friend. For almost two months, they worked together and got ready for the interviews that would lead to their dream careers. And to make sure he was prepared to present his authentic and â€Å"real† self at interviews with the prestigious consulting firm, he began working to learn about his strengths and weaknesses.After submitting an internship application online in late September, Rohatgi notched an interview in mid-October. His first ro und of interviews with Bain happened on campus at the University of Virginia, where he worked through two thirty-minute long case interviews. His second and final round was held in San Francisco in late October, where he traveled to and took part in two full case interviews. Rohatgi says that Bain paid for all the travel and hotel expenses and also provided him with a food stipend for the interviews. â€Å"I can remember the exact time and day I heard back from Bain, Rohatgi says. It was October 30th, 2017 at 11:15 p.m. I almost broke my phone because I freaked out when I saw the San Francisco number and almost dropped my phone in the kitchen,† Rohatgi says about the moment he received his internship offer. â€Å"I literally had tears in my eyes. It was one of the most exciting moments of my life.†For ten weeks in the summer of 2018, Rohatgi worked at Bain’s San Francisco office. It was his first time in the city but he says his colleagues were fantastic tour gu ides and even better friends.â€Å"The first thing that pops into my mind about Bain is that the people are amazing. They give specific feedback on your development and ask about your personal goals and how they can help you grow,† Rohatgi says. â€Å"I met with my supervisor every week, and attended team meetings every morning. And at every chance, people were asking how they could help me reach my goals. They care.†While it’s normal for interns to receive feedback from supervisors, Rohatgi says he was surprised when his supervisor asked for feedback on his work and efforts, complete with pen and paper in hand.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I was shocked by this as I didn’t think it worked this way in the corporate world,† he says.THE BAIN INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCETo help him grow, Rohatgi says he received in-depth documents about his strengths and areas of improvements halfway through his internship and at the conclusion. With specific examples and moments to help him m ove forward, Rohatgi says the document allowed him to â€Å"perfectly understand† what his supervisor and other team members were referring to.Rohatgi says his days began at 6 a.m. with a workout before heading to Bain’s office around 8:30 a.m. At morning team meetings, Rohatgi says each person discussed what they were working on that day, if anyone needed any help, and if so, who could provide it. Next, he would meet with his supervisor to discuss his workload for the day based on the roadmap set out by the team earlier.â€Å"Every day was different at work, even though we had a routine,† Rohatgi says. â€Å"I had a continuous project with a construction goods company that was getting activist pressure to improve their results and my work involved getting numbers on how much they could increase prices in the next few years.†To do his job on the project, Rohatgi says he spent the main part of his days working on research that could help answer the main qu estion and occasionally helping colleagues when they needed help. On top of conducting internet research, Rohatgi says he used Excel data from the company in consideration alongside external factors to project out numbers that he later presented with evidence.One of the best things Rohatgi says about his time at Bain was the mentorship he was given. In the beginning, he received frequent guidance on which way a project he was working on should go. As his first foray into strategy consulting, he worked on delivering to the expectations. But towards the end, Rohatgi says he was given more autonomy. And to develop his own skills and knowledge, Rohatgi met a colleague on the team for coffee or lunch every week.â€Å"Each day, after meeting with my supervisor, I could do what I wanted with my time. If I wanted to go for a walk or spend time on other projects, it was up to me, Rohatgi explains. There was a trust that if we had arranged to meet up, I would have my work done. There were so me afternoons where we went on team lunches and bonded in a non-professional setting.†Rohatgi says he was also able to build relationships with his colleague as they explored the city together, went on boat rides, and even visited a trampoline park. He usually left work at about 6 p.m. and added that the company also held a number of professional and social events for the interns every week, such as the Alumni panel, Bain leadership panel, Bain Extra 10 activities, and more. The events were designed to ease interns into the Bain family and help make sense of everything going on at Bain.Rohatgi says that his most memorable experience with Bain was offsite, where they gathered in Napa Valley and â€Å"Bainies showed their talents by doing a concert, dance, and much more.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"At the end of the day, I felt I could be myself and trust the people around me. I was so happy to be where I was and felt so jubilated,† Rohatgi recalls. â€Å"The offsite reiterated the fac t that Bainies are amazing people individually, and actually care about each other.†ADVICE FOR FUTURE BAINIESFor now, Rohatgi is back at McIntire and finishing up his final year. With a full-time job at Bain Company lined up, he says he has chosen to take courses to help his self-development on top of finishing up his business courses. His current course list includes meditation classes, venture capital and private equity classes, as well as a class on how to motivate employees.As an associate consultant, Rohatgi expects to be doing work at Bain in private equity, diligence, and strategy consulting, and when asked what he thought was a key characteristic that the company looked for, he says it was communication skills.â€Å"If you’re interested in Bain, practice your communication skills on structured problem solving. It’s about thinking of solutions, presenting it, and then going off and solving it,† Rohatgi says. â€Å"The other thing is showing flexib ility with learning. I don’t think anyone can learn everything they need to know at Bain in school. For example, it’s tough for someone to learn how to price future products in school, so it’s important to display an ability to learn on the spot.†For high schoolers who already know Bain sounds like the place for them, Rohatgi says the best advice he can give them is to figure out what their passions are and be able to talk about what they bring to the table when they interview with the company. â€Å"Many people have a resume checklist, but I don’t think that’s it. Find your passion and talk about what you love and how you’ve been involved,† he advises.Before joining the company in September, Rohatgi says he’ll be taking a monthlong trip to Thailand and Malaysia, after which he will spend another month in India, meeting up with relatives that he hasn’t seen in almost a decade.â€Å"In five years, I hope to be happ y. I’ve quit thinking too much about the future, and just want to be challenged, learn, and be happy,† Rohatgi says. â€Å"Bain has already helped me grow so much by investing in me, and the biggest thing I think about these days is how I can keep giving back to the people around me and investing in others.†DONT MISS:   Page 1 of 11

Symbols, Symbolism, By George Orwell - 971 Words

Authors add symbolism to literature because some works can seem dry and boring for readers to read. Symbolism is the use of a symbol to represent ideas or qualities in literature (Symbolism). Using symbolism in a novel allows the author to add depth and meaning to their work. Symbolism forces the reader to stay engaged through the entirety of the novel in order to make connections and figure out the true meaning of the symbol. It also allows the author to represent a really complex idea with one or two words. George Orwell used symbols throughout his novel 1984. The symbols added depth and forced the reader to make connections to figure out the meaning of the symbols. Orwell used many symbols that appeared throughout the novel, some of which represent big event or things and other symbols that represented a smaller event or picture. Big Brother appears throughout the novel and on posters all over the society with the slogan â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You.† The post ers have a man looking over the words. Big Brother symbolizes the face of the party and the public manifestation and some readers think he just exists figuratively and not as an actual human. He can act as a reassurance to some people because his name suggests his ability to protect but no one can ever escape his gaze making him open as threat. A big brother in today’s society has the reputation to protect and look out for their younger siblings and to also set the expectations for them by doing whatShow MoreRelatedConsider how the natural development of narrative techniques in George Orwell’s 1984 creates a600 Words   |  3 Pagestechniques in George Orwell’s 1984 creates a theme of individualism verses state. What was the point in writing such an obvious theme, since a dystopia is the prime example of an imperfect world? 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Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1212 Words   |  5 PagesSnowball was exiled by Napoleon. Napoleon represents Stalin; they were both leaders of either Russia or Animal Farm. George Orwell was a man who wrote the book Animal Farm which was based on the Russian revolution. In the book Animal Farm there are many literary elements that I will be talking about such as; irony, symbolism, personification, conflict, allegory and, analogy. George Orwell put many different types of conflict in his book Animal Farm such as; character vs character, character vs societyRead MoreSymbolism and Allegory in Animal Farm1657 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism and allegory in three aspects of Animal Farm : Old major, The Windmill and The Seven Commandments George Orwell uses symbols throughout the novel Animal Farm to show how the upper class groups use manipulation to their advantage. Animal Farm in simple terms is the allegory of a revolution gone sour. Animalism, Communism, and Fascism are all the symbols which are used by the pigs as a means of satisfying their greed and lust for power. As Lord Acton wrote: Power tends to corrupt; absoluteRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 ( 1949 )1265 Words   |  6 Pages Power alone can be a dangerous machine when put into the wrong hands. In George Orwell’s novel 1984 (1949), he painted a dark image of the Oceania government’s abuse of political power that destroyed the very fabri c of life for many of its society members. Evidence of this destruction is seen through the eyes of the main protagonist, 39-year-old, Winston Smith. The novel is set in Air Strip One, based in London. Although 85 percent of Oceania’s population was made up of proletarians who seemedRead MoreAnalysis of George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay example1050 Words   |  5 Pageselephant’ Written by George Orwell Essay by Arthur Diennet In 1936, George Orwell published his short story ‘Shooting an elephant’ in an English magazine. Since then, it has been republished dozens of times and holds a place as a definitive anti-colonial piece of literature, in an era where the British Empire was at its peak and covered almost 1/3 of the Earth’s surface. George Orwell believed that â€Å"†¦imperialism was an evil thing...† and uses much themes, symbolism and irony to convey hisRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Novel Expressing The Idea Of A Government Changing The Past1655 Words   |  7 Pages If the Party could thrust its hand into the past and say this or that even, it never happened-that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death (37). This warning alarm of a totalitarian government intensifies throughout George Orwell’s novel expressing the idea of a government changing the past. In the novel 1984, the main character, Winston Smith lives in a world where the people of t he society are restricted from free thinking. With no freedom or privacy, Winston tries to standRead MoreShooting an Elephant840 Words   |  4 PagesDISCUSS ORWELLS USE OF PERSUASIVE TOOLS SUCH AS, SYMBOLISM, METAPHORS AND IRONY IN THIS ESSAY AND EXPLAIN HOW HE USES EACH OF THESE TO CONVEY HIS ARGUMENT OR MESSAGE In the extract, Shooting An Elephant Orwell conveys his message through the use of various persuasive tools. He wants the reader to identify when somebody assumes power. This technique is used to show that the powerful are also a captive to the will of people they control. Everyone involved in the situation becomes affected. In

Factors That Influenced The State Of The Criminal Justice...

Managerialism and populism are key concepts that have influenced many state-organised responses to crime. Populism, on one hand, is defined by Shils (1956, p.100-1) as existing â€Å"wherever there is an ideology of popular resentment against the order imposed on society†, so it is seen to establish policies that reflect the voices and needs of the public. Whereas McLaughlin (2013) defines managerialist policies as â€Å"a set of governmental knowledges, techniques and practices which aim to fracture and realign power relations within the core agencies of the criminal justice system† (2013, p.260). This is so the criminal justice system is run in a more cost-effective, efficient way (Pratt, 2007, p.133). McLaughlin discusses two ‘waves’ of†¦show more content†¦Garland (2001) provides that as crime became more apparent, one of the main problems arising was the difference in what the public expected from the criminal justice system in terms of justic e and their protection (Garland, 2001, p. 113). Roberts et al (2003) cited in Pratt (2007, p.28) argues that imprisonment is the most important and significant aspect of penal populism with one of its recurring themes relating to accommodating both harsher and longer sentences of imprisonment (Pratt, 2007, p.28). As we can see from this, penal populism has become dominant within policy areas to ensure public safety. There has been a decline in rehabilitative ideals of punishments following the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (CJA), and instead, Garland (2001) suggests how the ‘just deserts’ philosophy has become, what he argues to be a â€Å"generalised policy goal† (Garland, 2001, p.9). By this he means that instead of rehabilitating offenders, by focusing on a more populist form of policy-making, the punishments are deserved. This is further supported by Cavadino and Dignan (2002) who discuss how the idea of retributive punishments, particularly ‘just deserts’ have been â€Å"revived† in some way over the past few decades. Instead, shifting to more of a ‘law and order’ ideology discussed within the CJA 1991 whereby punishments such as incarceration are much more appealing and effective than more romantic forms of punishment (Cavadino

The Theme of “A Worn Path” free essay sample

Instructor Abby Forster In the short story â€Å"A Worn Path†, the author Eudora Welty, created a strong theme of undying love with an old woman and her grandson. The main character in this story is called Phoenix; she is an old woman that is narrated from the author trying to make a long journey down a worn path to bring her sick grandson medicine. She will not let anything get in her way from completing her mission and will not give up even though she is not a young puppy anymore. She is the last living relative to her young grandson and she keeps strong to fulfill his needs and keep him happy. The author uses great symbolism in the short story throughout the entire story. Religion, racism, and true love all play a key role in the theme of â€Å"A Worn Path†; it has strong literary elements that take this story to higher limits. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of â€Å"A Worn Path† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story does not tell us where the mother is, however shows us how strong Phoenix is in her journey with characters making us know how bad racism is and how God is strong with her in her mission. Anyone that has children would not stop at anything to save them; Phoenix’s journey down a worn path proves it. This story is about a grandmother, Phoenix, walking through treacherous woods to get some medicine for her grandson that is sick that may or may not help him. The story is told in the third-person, â€Å"Third-person point of view which occurs when the speaker is not a participant in the story. It has two forms: omniscient point of view and objective point of view. † (Cited in Clugston, 2010) The author uses a narrative approach with the main character; it shows her thoughts and feelings throughout the entire story. She speaks to herself with a single purpose, devotion to her grandson in the doctor’s clinic. She must get to him at no cost since she is poor. The story’s theme is about undying love for a grandmother and grandson; it explains her struggles against aging since she has walked this path since the civil war. The narrative story expresses a lot of symbolic characters, first it starts with the name Phoenix which stands for the mythical creature that rises from its own ashes. â€Å"The use of symbolic characters throughout the story is explained. The author provides a critical interpretation and offers different meaning behind several elements. † (Cited in Clugston, 2010) Phoenix is faced with getting old and losing her mind, she is very afraid of it, but still carries on with the strength of God with her. Religion plays a key role to keeping her mind and strength strong and even beat racism with the characters she met along the way and interacts with. It starts with a cold month in December for the setting that makes you feel compassion for the main character and brings a thought of stagnation and sleeep. The story’s author sets a picture in your head first, â€Å"The setting is rural, a cold, early morning in December in the South. † (Cited in Clugston, 2010) The main character is a Negro woman that is an old lady and has been through many life situations. The story uses settings to establish many points for the theme and details of wagon tracks used to tell us she is following a familiar path. â€Å"On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at, up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was morning dove- it was not too late for him. † )Cited in Clugston, 2010, â€Å"A Worn Path†, para. 3) This is the â€Å"easy part† of her new journey since she will face a hunter and a nurse along the way. She meets a white hunter with a dog; they represent external conflicts that she must deal with. The hunter helps her out of a ditch that she has fallen in, however irony is used since he puts a gun in her face that also resembles racism. She compares her bones to weeds springy enough not to have been broken by the fall into the ditch. Besides the medicine she has for him, she wanted to make him know he was loved and wanted to give a present. In the end the author made me feel the undying love that a grandmother can have for her grandson. She took a hard path in spite of her old age to make her grandson get what he needed, medicine, and a smile. Her journey faced racism, religion, and death that she overcame with the love she had in her soul, it would not die even if she got hurt. The medicine did not work in the past for her sick grandson, however she thought it might help to cure him with love.

The Greenwashing Effect - The Writers For Hire

THE GREENWASHING EFFECT Copyblogger’s â€Å"Four Ways to Target Online Buyers with the Right Words† has a great analysis/advice section for marketing to an eco-friendly, socially conscious audience  (among other types of consumers). Green is the new black, and it seems a lot of businesses are trying to revamp their marketing efforts to promote a more â€Å"green† brand. But some of these companies are just using increased interest in protecting the environment as a cheap advertising and PR marketing opportunity. Greenwashing – deliberately misleading customers about the environmental practices or ingredients in a product – has become so prevalent in recent years that the Federal Trade Commission has Green Guides in place to help marketers steer clear of false and misleading claims. So as the American consumer becomes more jaded in this greenwashed society – especially when corporations like Shell, BP, and GE are regularly accused of greenwashing their marketing campaigns – here are some tips about giving treehuggers what they want to hear (and generally just good marketing advice): 1. Be Specific Forget generic claims like â€Å"All-natural† – it’s an obvious greenwashing term that means nothing. But, if you can be very, very detailed about your product, your company may gain some points in the green revolution. Consider the difference between labeling your product as â€Å"All-natural† versus â€Å"Our products are grown at our farms in Greensburg, Kansas. We don’t use pesticides or toxic chemicals of any kind, and we harvest everything ourselves so that we can deliver our best product straight to you.† The latter is obviously more detailed, and seemingly more reliable than the nebulous, broad-reaching, unsubstantiated claim. 2. Be Relevant Don’t include irrelevant â€Å"eco-friendly† features about your products – unless your product is new or the feature is new. For example, claiming that your paper towels are â€Å"100% Biodegradable† is irrelevant – all paper towels are biodegradable. And a certain major beverage company, in an advertisement for their new â€Å"eco† water bottle, claims that the bottle is â€Å"100% Recyclable† – which is great, but the bottle has always been recyclable, and all plastic bottles are recyclable anyway. Don’t drive people away with silly or misleading information; instead, include information like this only if your product is new or improved. 3. Be Transparent In other words, don’t try to hide anything. If you want to gain reputability in the green community, always refer consumers to your website on your product label – true eco-conscious consumers will check! Make sure everything, such as all ingredients used, your refinement and manufacturing processes, company affiliates and associations, philosophy, and pictures, are clearly spelled out on your website. It’s not always easy to make a name for yourself in the green community, but after establishing your credibility and earning consumer’s respect, you’ll have a long and prosperous relationship with your devoted followers.

Free Essays on Jesus Of Nazareth

Peoples’ Rolls In Sula In the novel Sula all the characters have their roles that they’re molded into just like everyone does in life. Based in the time that it takes place in and the fact that the vast majority of the characters are African-American their roles are pretty much forced for them to live by a predominately White- male society. The introduction to the novel starts off towards the end of slave times (the late 1800’s). A good white farmer promised freedom and a piece of bottom land to his slave if he would perform some very difficult chores (pg. 5). The slave performs the chores and the White farmer tricks the slave into wanting the hilly land, which he gets. The hilly land is the worst land possible to have. Where Planting was backbreaking, where the soil slid down and washed away the seeds, and where the wind lingered all through the winter (pg. 5). Getting the worst land possible fit the slave’s role perfectly. Because he was a slave he alway s got the worst end of everything and by getting the so-called â€Å"bottom land† he got the worst end of the deal. Throughout the next few years the town of Medallion was formed. It was a poor town but the people who lived there made the best of it. Their roles in life in Medallion all seem to fit the poor town or poor neighborhood lifestyle perfectly almost as if we’d expect it too. The town of Medallion is a predominately black town, located in Ohio during the early 1900’s. Blacks weren’t expected to do much. No one really cared about them in a White-ran society. White people looked down on them and in society’s eye they were at the very bottom of the social ladder. Almost all of the characters roles are roles that people would assume in their societies position. Shadrack’s role in Medallion is that the community thinks he’s kind of crazy. They just leave him to do his own thing. He is a World War One veteran and witnessed somethin g horrible happen during one of t... Free Essays on Jesus Of Nazareth Free Essays on Jesus Of Nazareth Peoples’ Rolls In Sula In the novel Sula all the characters have their roles that they’re molded into just like everyone does in life. Based in the time that it takes place in and the fact that the vast majority of the characters are African-American their roles are pretty much forced for them to live by a predominately White- male society. The introduction to the novel starts off towards the end of slave times (the late 1800’s). A good white farmer promised freedom and a piece of bottom land to his slave if he would perform some very difficult chores (pg. 5). The slave performs the chores and the White farmer tricks the slave into wanting the hilly land, which he gets. The hilly land is the worst land possible to have. Where Planting was backbreaking, where the soil slid down and washed away the seeds, and where the wind lingered all through the winter (pg. 5). Getting the worst land possible fit the slave’s role perfectly. Because he was a slave he alway s got the worst end of everything and by getting the so-called â€Å"bottom land† he got the worst end of the deal. Throughout the next few years the town of Medallion was formed. It was a poor town but the people who lived there made the best of it. Their roles in life in Medallion all seem to fit the poor town or poor neighborhood lifestyle perfectly almost as if we’d expect it too. The town of Medallion is a predominately black town, located in Ohio during the early 1900’s. Blacks weren’t expected to do much. No one really cared about them in a White-ran society. White people looked down on them and in society’s eye they were at the very bottom of the social ladder. Almost all of the characters roles are roles that people would assume in their societies position. Shadrack’s role in Medallion is that the community thinks he’s kind of crazy. They just leave him to do his own thing. He is a World War One veteran and witnessed somethin g horrible happen during one of t...

Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights Essay

Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights - Essay Example Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights? The present EU law does not define whether the citizenship of EU will cover those non-citizen individuals who are residing in a Member States for long years. In Rudy case, the concept of citizenship to offer rights for free movement, the Court of Justice has been reluctant to confer â€Å"quasi-citizenship† rights to nationals of third countries who are residing in the Union for many years. Thus, the law relating to EU citizenship seems to be in the infancy stage where a lot of reform has to be undertaken to plug the existing loophole that is found in the present EU citizenship rules and to make the EU as a whole as a borderless territory. Reich is of the opinion that the phrase â€Å"EU citizenship â€Å" has not been defined exactly and due to this , there are flooding of case laws as regards to free movement and social rights for non-citizens living in EU for many years. Reich is of the view that citizenship can be defined as â€Å"full membership of the community â€Å"which offers a package of rights, which consists of social, civic and political rights. Reich is more concerned about the rights of third nationals who are residing in the EU Member States for long years. He is of the view that EU citizenship should not be decided merely on the citizenship of Member States but also should include those who are residing in a Member States for many years. Reich insi sts that there should not be any non-discrimination for granting citizenship to those who residing in a Member State for many years as compared to those who are having natural citizenship. Reich is of the view that citizenship should be awarded both on the status path and on the rights path. Reich prefers that union citizenship as a simile with some valued added to it. Reich cites the verdict in Micheletti case, where EU citizenship is derived from the condition of nationality. The EU has no authority to grant citizenship as an outcome of nationality. The citizenship in the EU Member State has to be recognised Union-wide even where an individual who had a dual citizenship as held in Micheletti case As per Reich, for contrasting between the duties and rights of Member States’ nationals in the European Union, nationality should not be considered as a criterion unless there exists some particular variety of cross-border disputes that inflicts different norms. In concluding part, Reich is of the opinion that the question – Union Citizenship – Whether Metaphor or source of Rights – can be found to be positive only to a restricted degree. Reich is of the opinion that citizenship seems to be like a baby in a cradle who is in deep sleep who has to be awakened by a gentle kiss by the direct impact of community law. 2.How has the law relating to Union Citizenship developed since the publication of the article in 2001? ( 900 words) As per Siofra O’ Leary, there is a failure to make an obvious connection between ambit and operation of the community citizenship with that of fundamental rights of EU citizen. EU citizenship offers the following rights; right of unrestricted movement , right to stand for election both for municipal and EU parliament , the right to petition , the right of consular and diplomatic protection , the right of petition and safeguard by the Ombudsman of the European Parliament. However, EU citizenship is not essenti al for enjoying certain rights for those who reside in EU Member States like directives on consumer, worker, environmental protection and data. The same will hold true in the case of both European and International conventions either on the aspect of conflict of laws or on jurisdictions. Thus,

Choose the tittle depending on the option you pick Essay

Choose the tittle depending on the option you pick - Essay Example Locke has insisted greatly on human beings having equaled rights towards land available based on type and amount of labor that they can invest in such property. Provided this notion, retail developers of today’s economy have better probability of having property rights to land development in South Florida (Section 28). However, before reaching to the conclusion, it is important to analyze the repercussions of excessive land development in this region. Also, it is significant to identify if Locke is a supporter of capitalism or not. Furthermore, whether private ownership principles defined by Locke give rise to morally just or contentious behavior in private owners over private ownership of land is another question that needs to be answered in the light of Locke’s principles. Real estate industry in South Florida has shown robust development in the times of economic booms in late 1920s and in 2000s. Thousands of acres were acquired by real estate developers to build cond os, apartments and artificial office parks etc which were greatly overpriced due to high demand. Due to such transformation in real estate market, other peripheral industries i.e. rented property, railway services etc, suffered. The same land had different utilities for different segments of consumers i.e. necessity for a working force and leisure for occasional hotel visitors. After the economic collapse in 2008, there were thousands of acres available with no buyer for over-priced property (Lunsford n.p). Furthermore, similar development also caused damage to local fauna and flora by causing harm to local wetlands, water reservoirs and natural life diversity (McPherson and Halley 41). This outlook of South Florida’s local industry in the light of Locke’s principles cannot justify if the development always provide rational results. It can be seen that excessive demand of property has increased the price of real estate property whereas its utility cannot be justified a ccordingly. Since land is given to the mankind freely having equal rights of property, money in any form cannot equate with the value of such property since money i.e. currency, gold and silver have relatively less utility than the land. Therefore, users of money in free economy do not really add much value to the land gifted by nature. Furthermore, after the economic boom in 2000s, much of the land is owned by builders and realtors whereas this land is sitting idle due to low buying power of consumer and not providing any benefit to the common man. Such state also contradicts with Locke’s rule of no wastage. Locke proposes ‘no spoil or destroy’ policy which supports the idea of better property appropriation. Hence, those who can make better use of the property should have access to it which gives full property rights to today’s realtors. However, Locke also insisted that one must not take part in an activity that causes harm to other’s interest. Ex cessive land development deprives local residents of their right to own land due to superficially high prices and damage to local environment hence, also affecting natural ecological environment. Furthermore, Locke’s condition of equal opportunity to appropriate land also negates excessive land development. Since present real estate development encourages development of expensive property which gives preference to more affluent segment, it serves rich more than a middle class or lower segment. Locke

Original Component Essay Example for Free

Original Component Essay The goal was to determine a credible and accurate method for measuring human capital. Knowledge capital is a concept that has not received much attention in terms of research. One of the unique aspects of this study was the fact that the data collected were from the information technology field, particularly from those who deal with knowledge management. This was in contrast to previous studies where finance, accounting, and/or human resources professionals were the respondents. The findings indicated that the methods currently used to value human knowledge were borrowed from either human resources or from finance. This also indicated that knowledge management was not embraced as a part of its strategy. Since the responses were received from knowledgeable experts, the results represented a true picture of the problem. Another reason for its uniqueness was due to the fact that the study was conducted in two separate phases with their corresponding findings compared. It was also important to note that the companies selected represented all of the industries. The combination of all these attributes thus, made the method unique. According to previous studies, much research has been devoted to knowledge management. In addition, books, journals, and articles have all been written about the said topic. However, none has focused on knowledge capital valuation and its related impacts. Individuals and organizations became reluctant to pursue this type of valuation. This was due to the fact that many felt that it was impossible to accurately measure knowledge capital. For this research, all of the respondents agreed that the methods to measure knowledge capital do not fully represent its true value because they were only based on assumptions. On the other hand, companies, researchers, and scholars struggled with the question of how to value knowledge capital because it increasingly gained importance. In this case, the study has formed a base for other researchers to build on. This study has also provided a way of perceiving knowledge capital and proposed an easier way of calculating its value. The study clarified the possibility of measuring knowledge capital. However, organizations can only measure the value of knowledge by identifying the knowledge gaps within its current employees. In this context, knowledge management must be incorporated at the highest levels of the organization. 6. 4 Contributions Knowledge capital has become one of the most important assets in any organization, including corporations, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. However, without knowing its value, organizations cannot determine whether they are fully utilizing it or not. Most Internet businesses have no physical assets, while some rely solely on outsourcing. Therefore, there is a need to determine the value of human capital to ascertain the value of an organization. Moreover, many Internet businesses were publicly traded, and were obliged to represent the true and accurate value of their company to investors . During mergers and acquisition transactions, companies experience the problem of determining the value of knowledge or human capital. In turn, they use the term â€Å"goodwill. † However, goodwill is actually an invented concept. If companies can determine the value of their knowledge capital, there is no need to use the vague concept of goodwill. Knowing the value of knowledge capital helps a company hire the right people, assign the proper people to particular jobs, and provide employees with the appropriate tools and environment. Without knowing the value of what is needed, how can they measure knowledge capital or increase its value? This research aimed to contribute information to both the knowledge field and to profit-making organizations. The purpose of this research was to examine how organizations determine the value of their human capital, while gaining a sustainable competitive advantage. The research effort will be applied by and for profit organizations to determine their true value, maximizing the value of human capital to increase the shareholders’ wealth. Individuals will understand the value of their human capital and be able to start managing it for maximum return to themselves, as well as their organizations. In addition, E-businesses will find the results useful because the value of their organizations depends primarily on the value of their intellectual capital. The study also focused on the determination methods used by profit-making organizations in the evaluation of human capital. Therefore, other researchers may find the results of this study relevant, while conducting other studies in the future. 6. 5 Limitations Several difficulties or challenges were encountered while conducting this study that may have influenced results, either positively or negatively: Limitations faced by the researcher during the process of this study included the persuasion of organizations to adopt the new or standard metric of measuring Knowledge Capital, communication for benefits to be derived from findings, the lack of industrial experience and practical knowledge, and the deficiency of funds for quality productions. 6. 6 Scope for Future Research The purpose of this study was to determine how organizations value knowledge capital and how they make it grow. The study examined data collected across industries and the responses were nearly uniform. They all agreed that there is no standard method of measuring human capital. In addition, all agreed that the methods currently used to measure knowledge capital are inadequate for representing its true value. Hence, the value of knowledge capital is not calculated. Based on this study, the author recommends that further research be conducted to develop a model or standard method for measuring knowledge capital across all industries. The model must be easy, accurate, and practical. Moreover, while conducting future research, future researchers should bear in mind the following recommendations: It is important to be in partnership with someone who has industrial experience, or better yet, seek support or sponsorship from companies. This would also solve the problem of funding. Second, use a combination of data collection instruments, such as face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Collect both quantitative and qualitative data to validate the results. Lastly, a year or two would be the best preference in conducting this research, especially it it is on a global scale.

Essays --

Volleyball Research Paper For some people, they literally live, breathe, and are volleyball; others do hate the sport and prefer soccer or football (as many do already). But volleyball has been around for more than 100 years! And it is one of the world’s most popular sports; a worldwide estimate of around 800 million people play volleyball at least once a week. But today’s volleyball doesn’t compare with the volleyball that was first invented in 1895. Society has modified to an extent this trending sport the past few decades that some actually think that William G. Morgan, the inventor of volleyball, wouldn’t be able to recognize his own sport. William G. Morgan was an instructor at the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Morgan came up with the new idea by mixing parts of other sports like tennis, baseball, basketball, and handball together. The net idea was actually derived from tennis (which is probably why it looks so familiar), however Morgan decided to raise it a little over six feet above the middle of the court; now, the net can be up raised 8 feet above the court due to changes in the game and its rules. Another aspect that wasn’t original is the word â€Å"volleyball†. The game was in fact called â€Å"mintonette† when Morgan first created it but after observing a demonstration game, some scholars approached Morgan with a new name, â€Å"volleyball†, which they found more appropriate to call the name due to the way the athletes volleyed the ball back and forth over the net: hence, the name was changed and has been the same for more than a century. In 1895, Morgan created only one volleyball but like everything else, it has revolutionized into subsets and variations of volleyball such as: Indoor/Outdoor, Newcomb, Beach, Footvolley, Shoo... ... apply to spikes and serves. For body composition, having lower levels of body fat will be an advantage because it could provide more power, better coordination, and possibly better balance. If there were to be an â€Å"excessive† amount of body fat, it is possible that the player’s ability to move around the court freely could decrease and would increase chances of fatigue during the exercise. In conclusion, volleyball is a competitive but amusing sport in which really anyone could participate and could excel in when following the rules and guidelines. Health-wise, it would make a great addition to a daily workout; an average human could burn up to 600 calories during one hour of competitive volleyball! And not only does it burn calories, but it adds a great variety of skill to your coordination and improves cardiovascular and muscular endurance and body composition. Essays -- Volleyball Research Paper For some people, they literally live, breathe, and are volleyball; others do hate the sport and prefer soccer or football (as many do already). But volleyball has been around for more than 100 years! And it is one of the world’s most popular sports; a worldwide estimate of around 800 million people play volleyball at least once a week. But today’s volleyball doesn’t compare with the volleyball that was first invented in 1895. Society has modified to an extent this trending sport the past few decades that some actually think that William G. Morgan, the inventor of volleyball, wouldn’t be able to recognize his own sport. William G. Morgan was an instructor at the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Morgan came up with the new idea by mixing parts of other sports like tennis, baseball, basketball, and handball together. The net idea was actually derived from tennis (which is probably why it looks so familiar), however Morgan decided to raise it a little over six feet above the middle of the court; now, the net can be up raised 8 feet above the court due to changes in the game and its rules. Another aspect that wasn’t original is the word â€Å"volleyball†. The game was in fact called â€Å"mintonette† when Morgan first created it but after observing a demonstration game, some scholars approached Morgan with a new name, â€Å"volleyball†, which they found more appropriate to call the name due to the way the athletes volleyed the ball back and forth over the net: hence, the name was changed and has been the same for more than a century. In 1895, Morgan created only one volleyball but like everything else, it has revolutionized into subsets and variations of volleyball such as: Indoor/Outdoor, Newcomb, Beach, Footvolley, Shoo... ... apply to spikes and serves. For body composition, having lower levels of body fat will be an advantage because it could provide more power, better coordination, and possibly better balance. If there were to be an â€Å"excessive† amount of body fat, it is possible that the player’s ability to move around the court freely could decrease and would increase chances of fatigue during the exercise. In conclusion, volleyball is a competitive but amusing sport in which really anyone could participate and could excel in when following the rules and guidelines. Health-wise, it would make a great addition to a daily workout; an average human could burn up to 600 calories during one hour of competitive volleyball! And not only does it burn calories, but it adds a great variety of skill to your coordination and improves cardiovascular and muscular endurance and body composition.

Jit in Indian Automobile Industry

INTRODUCTION Just In Time: The traditional concepts of Quality and customer satisfaction have been challenged in the recent years. Customer choices and perceptions have also been changing continuously. Japanese manufacturers were the first to meet these challenges by introducing many innovations in manufacturing systems and management, one of which is the philosophy of â€Å"Just in Time†. Just-in-time (JIT) refers to a collection of practices that is designed to eliminate waste and achieve manufacturing excellence. These organizational practices encompass the entire logistics flow of materials from purchasing through production and distribution. The elements of JIT may include shared product design with suppliers and customers, movement toward single sourcing, proximate suppliers and customers, reduced set-up times, preventive maintenance, reliance on analytic tools to identify sources of defects and plant optimization layout (re)configurations, among others Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing systems have attracted the attention of industries all over the world. The perceptible impact of JIT lies in attaining productivity and quality standards. The real challenge before Indian managers is to establish priorities among potential JIT techniques to achieve best possible advantage of JIT implementation in Indian industries.. With the variety of products on offer increasing with customization and evolving customer needs, it is but important that a manufacturing facility embraces the advantages of JIT in making the operations lean and flexible. Indian Automobile Industry: India currently has approximately 40 million vehicles. In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units. Current low penetration, rising prosperity and the increasing affordability of private vehicles along with importance to exports offer a healthy prospectus for the Indian automobile industry. (Source: http://www. kpmg. de/docs/Auto_survey. pdf) Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, have expanded their domestic and international operations. India's robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. Due to strong Global competition Indian companies started focusing on adopting new techniques and technologies which enabled manufactures to improve their processes and products JIT IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY OF OTHER COUNTRIES Many countries have got leverage by implementing JIT techniques in their respective automobile industries. Peter Turnbul, [1] analyzes the trends in the UK automotive industry during the 1980’s, giving special focus to the adoption of JIT and TQM principles. This includes development from within the organization and relations between suppliers. Also the implications of adopting Japanese techniques on Information systems have also been looked into. It was found out in the study that Japan was way ahead of UK and US in terms of productivity and Quality in the cars manufactured due to successful implementation of JIT and TQM techniques and US and UK companies are gradually bridging this gap. Bo Hou, [2] conducted a research on the benefits and difficulties faced in implementing JIT for an automotive company in China. An international automotive company with factory located in China was taken for the Case study, examining the pre and post JIT implementation experiences. In order to collect data Semi-structured interviews were organized. Most interviewee’s support that proper design of information systems could assist JIT systems. According to the interviews, Kanban is a primary management method in the case company’s JIT model. It was found after the interviews that inventory can be maintained at a reasonably low level. Performance indicators have been employed to examine the achievement of suppliers in quality, on-time delivery etc. , in order to encourage suppliers to participate in the JIT program. JIT IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA Several Indian companies have initiated JIT implementation into their systems or are claiming to have implemented many key features if JIT. While studying the implementation of JIT in India the following factors have to be considered. 1) Size of the firm ) Indian economy (only opening up in early 1990’s) 3) How MNC’s having manufacturing operations in India are Implementing JIT In a Survey of JIT practices conducted by Mahadevan[3], Questionnaires were sent to 400 companies but only 43 of them responded usefully. Fourteen critical factors were identified and participating organizations were asked whether these factors were important for JIT implementation in their firm s. Quality circles and cellular manufacturing have been rated low while TQM was rated very high. Vikas Kumar [4], explains the interrelationship between the different JIT elements. According to him the elements of JIT important to India are Buffer stock removal, Cellular manufacturing, Kanban and Error prevention Garg D [5] conducts a case study in JIT implementation of an Indian tractor assembly. It started implementing JIT purchasing in the mid 1980s. Initially, the company received discouraging results in almost all the areas for several years. Later on everything was streamlined and management began achieving significant results in terms of reductions in inventory, material movement, space, manpower, work in process and lead time, and an increase in productivity and quality. It can be said that in spite of old machinery, the company is sustaining its competitiveness in the tractor market by applying JIT. Vikas [6] conducted a survey on 34 Indian firms with the aim to find: 1) Those elements of JIT that might be difficult to implement in Indian Industry. These have been found to be Buffer stock removal, Error prevention, Frequent and reliable delivery, Kanban system, Multi functional worker, short lead time, Small lot size, Zero defect etc. ) Reason for slow implementation of JIT in India which have been found to be High cost of implementation, Informal and casual Auditing, Lack of support from suppliers, Lack of training, Lack of understanding of JIT techniques, shortage of multi functional workers Garg D [5] explains that the key steps in JIT implementation were: extensive training of employees on pull concepts; identification of key performance parameters; new layouts based on U-shaped cells ( wherever applicable) ; standardization of operations; a mai ntenance plan for each machine; housekeeping; visual control; and multi-skill training. Vikas Kumar [4], Several Indian industries are implementing the JIT with belief that it would be helpful to face the global competition. Yet, its effectiveness would depend upon qualities, attitudes and values of Indian work force. The paper gives focus to work culture of the organization. Some of the elements of work culture desirable for JIT are flexible workforce, Cross training, long term employment, Job enlargement and Labor unions, Work force involvement etc. Benefits Vikas Kumar [4] identified that the Potential benefits of JIT include reduced setup cost, labor cost, and move distances According to Chandra[7] the major benefits of JIT manufacturing system in ascending order are Reduction in inventory, Quality improvement, Increased productivity, Increased profit margin, Improved competitive position. Vikas Kumar [6] Highlights the most expected benefits of JIT which are Improved equipment utilization, improved quality control, worker efficiency, inventory turnover, flexibility, productivity, Profit margin, Team work, Low scrap rate etc Disadvantages of JIT Some of the disadvantages of JIT as highlighted by Vikas [6] are: * Implementation if JIT does not automatically translate to profits as many direct and indirect costs are involved in JIT implementation. Also JIT requires appropriate fit between manufacturing activities, organizational design, processes etc. * JIT programs need continuous check and control for sustained improvement * The timely of delivery of goods is extremely important which might be difficult to achieve in some parts of India * JIT may demand unrealistic commitment from employees. Managerial powers are extended to the workers JIT IN INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY With respect to the Indian Automobile Industry JIT purchasing, a few elements of JIT production and JIT Logistics are given focus in this research paper. Purchasing In industries like the automobiles, where the cost of raw material accounts for almost 50-60% of the cost of the final product, Purchasing is a key element to focus for cost reduction [Haritha Saranga (8)]. According to Sultan Singh. 9] Purchasing involves determining the need, selecting the supplier, and arriving at proper price, terms and conditions, issuing the contract or order and to follow-up to ensure proper delivery on time According to Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg. [10] The traditional approach to purchasing is at the root of many problems that business faces today. High inventory levels, soaring costs, adverse relationships with suppliers and quality issues which either stop production or results in poor products are just a few of the pr oblems with the current way of purchasing JIT Purchasing Sultan Singh. [9] has found that Just-in –Time Purchasing has received an increasing amount of attention throughout the world due to its potential for quality improvement and cost saving. Jocclyn Drolet. [10] found that many studies indicate that the JIT purchasing function is of paramount importance for successful JIT implementation According to Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg. [10] The four basic principles of JIT purchasing are: * Elimination of waste * Employees involvement in decision making * Supplier participation Total quality control Sultan Singh. [9] Found that JIT purchasing has been implemented in many industries of several countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Korea etc. Today many reputed Indian industries have also switched to the Japanese JIT Purchasing concept to improve their product quality and productivity. In traditional purchasing importance is given mainly to the price of the product. Supplier relationship building, quality, deliv ery time, supplier satisfaction etc are in the back seat. Sultan Singh. 9] States that Japanese JIT Purchasing is an uninterrupted flow of 100% acceptable materials delivered on due dates and time at optimal cost 100% of time. In JIT purchasing environment purchasing is carried out in small lots with frequent deliveries in small standard containers used to hold exact quantity and to the required specifications from a nearby local single supplier with a long-term contract. The company relies more on performance specifications Consistent quality and delivery performance is most important parameters in the supplier evaluation while price is an important one. This area includes supplier’s management, inspection of incoming raw materials/ semi finished / maintenance components etc. The expectations of the buying firm in JIT Purchasing Dixit Garg [5] conducted a survey to identify the important attributes of JIT Purchasing with respect to the Indian Context. The importance of JIT purchasing attributes in a decreasing order as were High Quality, Mutual trust and Co-operation, Reliable delivery, Exact quantity and Increased customer support. Jocclyn Drolet. 11] Stated that the most frequently mentioned benefits are the reduction in lead times, the decrease in inventory levels, waste elimination, and improved quality of incoming parts, raw materials and the delivery process. In fact, these four benefits have been so widely cited in analytical studies, and cross validated in empirical studies, that we believe that they may no longer belong to the domain of hypothetical benefits but must be taken as factual benefits. Sultan Singh, Dixit G arg. [2] States that in JIT Purchasing no percentage of rejects from supplier is acceptable. The supplier is also encouraged to be more innovative. Jocclyn Drolet. [11] Stated that some of the success factors of JIT purchasing are JIT supplying Partnership, Restructuring supplier network, Quality of purchased products, Long term and exclusive agreement with suppliers, Proximity etc. He emphasizes that partnership is a catalyst for other JIT purchasing success factors Problems encountered in JIT purchasing implementation in India Sultan Singh. [9] Found that most serious problems, however, are not operational in nature. They are â€Å"people problems†- stemming from attitude and orientation, past experience and practices, and the passive factors of interpersonal relations. The suppliers may not fully support JIT purchasing program because of following reasons: * Lack of incentives for suppliers to adopt JIT delivery. * Lack of commitment from buyers. * Considerable strain on suppliers on JIT delivery. Sultan Singh. [9] Has found Evidences which shown that JIT purchasing can be beneficial in Indian context. The supplier is encouraged to be more innovative. He is given â€Å"loose specifications â€Å". The company relies more on performance specifications than on product design. Counting and receiving inspection of incoming parts is eliminated. Formal paper work is reduced to minimum delivery schedule or quantity can be changed by simple telephone calls/fax/telex message. Supplier is evaluated by consistence in quality, delivery performance and price. It can be concluded that JIT Purchasing is a key element for the successful implementation of JIT. The benefits of JIT purchasing can be summarized as reduction in lead time and inventory levels, improved quality of raw materials and better delivery process. Also there are increased supplier participation and employee involvements. Many companies in different countries have successfully implemented JIT purchasing. Some of the problems which Indian companies encountered were Lack of support from suppliers, Lack of support and commitment from Top management, Low product Quality, Employees resistance to change and Lack of communication. Maruti is focusing on Supplier development and sharing its quality and manufacturing practices with them. Mahindra and Mahindra is now working to minimize supply constraints through advanced capacity planning, long term contract with suppliers and capacity enhancement. JIT Production According to Vikas[4], The major elements of JIT production in Indian context include Buffer stock removal, Cellular manufacturing, Kanban, Error prevention and others. In this research paper the attributes taken for study are Cellular Manufacturing and Kanban. Cellular Manufacturing Mahadevan [12] infers that there has been an increasing demand for more variety in the recent years thereby pushing volumes down. It is estimated that 70 % of manufacturing industries will have mid-volume, mid-variety scenario. Cellular manufacturing provides a solution for the mentioned situation. According to Frost ; Sullivan [13] Cellular manufacturing is based on the Group Technology concept and involves the use of work cells. A Work Cell is a group of equipment and workstations arranged in the logical sequence of production, which can produce a product (or part of a product). To successfully maintain One-piece flow in manufacturing cells companies employ quick change over techniques The key factors that affect the design of an efficient cell can be grouped broadly as the number of process required, number of products that fit into the cell, market segments/requirement, and degree of automation. Mahadevan [12] mentions the benefits of Cellular Manufacturing as: * Production planning and control become easier as it is similar to breaking the Manufacturing process into smaller units which are independent and more manageable. * Material handling and traceability becomes easier as materials seldom go outside the respective cells for processing. Work enrichment: Employees would be in a position to better relate to the workplace and make improvements The benefits as mentioned by Frost ; Sullivan[13] are: improved resource [both man and machine] utilization reduced lead times, improved product quality, better space utilization, lesser blocked capital in inventory, and an overall improved work space. Timothy[14] identifies the disadvantages of cellular manufacturing as: * Increased capital expenditure * Decreased machine utilization * A breakdown can cause work stoppage in cell Shishir Bhat [15] analyses the impact of cellular manufacturing in a Gear manufacturing Machine shop. The evaluation was done based on two outputs, throughput and flow time. It was found that the average monthly throughput [order completed in a month]for Main Gears before implementation of Cellular Manufacturing was 59. 5 and that after implementation was 90. 5. Also the average flow time [man hours a product spends on shop floor ] for main gears reduced from 58 to 30. The paper shows that when a job shop manufactures a group of products with similar characteristics and stable demand, Cellular Manufacturing is an effective way for performance improvements. Kanban Kanban is a system of continuous supply of components, parts and supplies, such that workers have what they need, where they need it, when they need it. Kanban facilitates elimination of waste and is one of the most powerful tools of the â€Å"Toyota Production System†. Kanban is designed for quick response to actual consumption and ensures material availability at all times even in the face of temporary demand swings. Improved material availability helps achieve agility and flexibility in production. Kanban Systems are usually custom designed for each client and each item. A good design takes cognizance of all relevant factors such as consumption level, lead time, transit time, optimum shipping lot, and desired delivery frequency. It can be quickly adjusted in response to seasonality of demand. Inventory reduction is regarded as one of the key strategic levers to improve productivity and profitability of the firm in theory and practice (Lieberman and Demeester 1999, Chen et al, 2005). Kanban which facilitates visual control was originally designed for manual operation. This encourages employee involvement at all levels. However it can be integrated with any ERP system. Many tasks can then be automated, thus increasing the speed of material flow and accuracy of transactions. B. Vijaya Ramnath,C. Elanchezhian and R. Kesavan [16] wrote a paper which deals with implementation of lean manufacturing in Engine valve machining cell in a leading auto components manufacturing industry in the South India. The main objective of the paper was to present an overview of manufacturing wastes and introduce the tools and techniques that are used to transform a company into a high performing lean enterprise. Value stream mapping was a main tool used to identify the opportunities for various lean techniques. One of the methods used for reduction of waste was the Kanban system. A Kanban job Flow is arrived at which is used for building the future state of Value stream mapping. The elimination and or reducing of wastes is by making the process improvements in the current manufacturing line by adopting some lean tools like JIT, set up time reduction, WIP reduction etc. JIT Logistics Today Indian Automobile players seek to increase their global footprint and supply chain for many of these companies extends across several countries. Hence Logistics is a key area Indian Automobile companies are focusing on. According to Kee-hung Lai. [17] Just-in-Time (JIT) which has been effective in manufacturing operations can also contribute to cost and service advantages in Logistics. However, the potential of JIT has not been widely recognized in logistics. Kee-hung Lai. [17] has identified the major areas in Logistics in which JIT can be applied such as 1) Transportation management 2) order processing 3) Inventory management 4) Customer service, and a number of supporting lements including materials handling, packaging, purchasing and warehousing. 1) Transport Management: Typically materials were ordered in large lot shipments to obtain economies of scale. Similarly full truckloads or railcars were more efficient. For less than full truckloads loads of different companies having similar destinations were combined. Ken alternburg. [18] States that In JIT Transport all the three parties i. e. the supplier, the carrier and th e customer work more closely with one another. One option is formation of Transport partnerships just like supplier partnerships. The carriers would be single source for a family of businesses that will treat these carriers as in-house carriers. In some JIT Environments the parts manufacturing facility is constructed at or near the final assembly plant, allowing small deliveries of parts to be made with greater control over timeliness. Ken alternburg. [18] Suggests that where local manufacturing is not feasible, closed loop transportation is employed in which delivery trucks make stops at various suppliers on a predetermined schedule. Disposable packaging can be replaced with reusable containers and racking compatible with assembly line use, eliminating the costs of removing and disposing of packaging materials and simplifying and speeding the loading and unloading processes Materials can be unloaded at or near final point of use in JIT System as inspection is eliminated. Costs associated with equipment used to speed the delivery process, such as specially configured trucks, containerization, and unloading equipment, are offset by improvements in efficiency as implied by Ken alternburg. [18] Ken alternburg. [18] States that JIT environment has affected transportation providers, requiring them to change and streamline their methods of operation, and make long-term investments in technology, 2) Order Processing: According to Kee-hung Lai. [17] JIT adopts technologies such as Logistical Information System [LIS], often in the form of Electronic Data Interchange [EDI], Internet, Value Added Network etc so that different parties in the logistics processes can gain access to the needed information for decision making 3) Customer service: Kee-hung Lai. 17] states that In JIT logistics, all the activities that take up motion time, for example, order picking, shipment arranging, transporting and so on, need to be managed efficiently. The aim is to meet customer service requirements at the lowest possible cost KPMG conducted a survey on the Indian Automotive supply chain to analyze the key challenges faced by different sections of the Industry, identify the areas that need attentio n and also identify opportunities. A primary survey was done among the heads of supply chain of some major Indian Auto companies. KPMG [19]) The participants of the survey identified the following as the key challenges in order of priority: Integrating the end-to-end supply chain and managing it as a single integrated entity: While past efforts of OEMs have been focused on streamlining and improving different areas of the supply chain independently, through efforts in dealer management, operations planning, vendor rationalization, IT package implementation etc, it is expected that the linking up of these activities is expected to provide significant benefits to players Managing Inbound Logistics/JIT Supplies: is a key concern which faces challenges related to reliability of data, lead time and absence of quality logistics players on the upstream side. Respondents felt that as OEM and Auto component players become more global in nature it would have a significant impact on automotive supply chain. Managing costs: Cost, Quality and Timely delivery continue to become the key concern area for players. Many OEM’s have implemented JIT inbound logistics which is not by increased visibility across the supply chain and improved planning, it has only resulted in the burden of inventory getting shifted from OEMs to their Tier-I vendors. The Key initiatives taken up by the companies to address these challenges according to KPMG [19]) are: Increased Investment in IT and processes: Implement Integrated IT systems [such as ERP], but survey revealed that they were not able to leverage on such systems as their business process were not streamlined or aligned with the needs of the IT System. Vendor/Dealer rationalization: Many respondents agreed that Indian Industry has not evolved into fully tierized structure where Tier-I vendors take on responsibility for modules / sub-assemblies Outsourcing to logistics service providers: Outsource key activities along the supply chain to logistics players, in an effort to reduce costs and increase focus on their customers and core activities. Most OEMs and large Tier-I suppliers have already outsourced their outbound logistics activities. These activities include carrying out ‘milk runs’ to collect and deliver parts to OEMs on a daily basis, transferring materials across hubs and warehousing/inventory management. Key logistics players have started maintaining warehouses in close proximity to OEMs’ plants, and supplying materials on a JIT basis. Related services being provided by large third party logistics service providers (3PLs) include consolidation of materials, packaging, incoming inspection, cleaning, etc (KPMG [19]) JIT at Maruti Udyog Limited: Maruti was the first Indian company where Japanese Manufacturing culture was implemented from top to bottom. At the Maruti factory in Gurgaon the eight typical wastages at each operational point (over-production, man movement, material movement, idle time of  operator,  work-in-process, machine  availability,  waiting  time and  needless  processing) had been measured by observation and even videos. The bottlenecks have been identified and a lot of work has been done to streamline the process. In 1995, when Maruti had 4,800employees, it was producing at the rate of 730 cars a day. Later with 4,500 employees, the plant was producing at the rate of 1,700 cars a day. Simultaneously, the supply chain system is being modified. A delivery instruction system places orders with the vendors for the next day's production target. Maruti is now working with an inventory of four hours maximum for local items and six days average for imported materials. The inventory to sales turnover ratio, on the scale of 100 in 1999-2000, is now down to 41. Maruti has also started working with its vendors  to reduce their cost of  production so that its own cost can be reduced. It has also launched a quality enhancement scheme, called the Quality Gate system. Maruti has implemented JIT for some of its major suppliers. Some others are in the process of doing so. There is a stress on quality in this highly competitive industry. The bargaining power of suppliers of some components is high, because of capacity constraints. This makes them accept only large orders, and therefore makes it difficult for assemblers to implement JIT CONCLUSION With India emerging as one of the important markets for Automobiles it is imperative for Automobile manufactures to gain production and cost efficiency. JIT would help the companies in achieving this end. The Japanese had perfected the implementation of JIT. Based on research material available it can be concluded that JIT has been successfully implemented in Automobile companies of many other countries such as United States, United Kingdom, China to name a few. Indian Manufacturing environment has huge prospects of advancement through JIT. Some of the key aspects of JIT important for the Indian industry are Total Quality management [TQM], Cellular Manufacturing, Kanban, Error Prevention to name a few. Some of the reasons for slow implementation of JIT in India can be concluded as High cost of implementation, Lack of support from suppliers, Lack of understanding or conviction in JIT techniques leading to non effective implementation. Also work culture plays a crucial role for JIT. JIT would require a work force that is flexible, can engage in cross training, and would be committed to their work on providing long term employment prospects. The Major benefits identified by the implementation of JIT are Improved Quality, reduction in inventory, increased productivity and flexibility. There is enough evidence to prove that Indian companies who have implemented JIT [at least partly] successfully have reaped the benefits. The Case study of Tractor assembly factory and Maruti are testimony for the same. Also Mahindra and Mahindra had implemented JIT techniques during the 1990’s to their advantage. 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